20.500.12556/ReVIS-13504 Slovenski gospodarski in kulturni prostor pred prvo svetovno vojno izobraževanje za gostinstvo in turizem na Kranjskem Monografija obravnava tri besedila: Pospešujmo tujski promet v Berilu za ponavljalne, oziroma nadaljevalne šole Ljudevita Stiasnyja, Nauk o serviranju Alfonza Mencingerja in povest Tujski promet Frana Detele, ki so vsa tri izšla l. 1912 in se osredotočajo na tri dejavnosti, ki so pomembno zaznamovale slovenski gospodarski in kulturni prostor v obdobju pred prvo svetovno vojno: osnovnošolsko izobraževanje, gostinstvo in turizem ter leposlovje. Monografija se osredotoča pretežno na Kranjsko kot tisto slovensko deželo, kjer se je slovenstvo najbolj uveljavilo, kar je opazno tudi na vseh treh omenjenih področjih, namreč v leposlovju, gostinstvu in turizmu ter osnovnem šolstvu (v smislu slovenizacije). Monografija opozarja na socialno diferenciacijo na področju osnovnega šolstva od 1774 do 1918, zaradi katere je bilo podeželsko šolstvo neprestano zapostavljeno v primerjavi z osnovnimi šolami v razvitejšem mestnem okolju. Prelomni zakon o osnovni šoli iz l. 1869 je ukinil najbolj kričeče razlike med učitelji glede izobrazbe in načina plačila, ki so bile posledica delitve osnovnih šol na trivialke, glavne šole in normalke, vendar je z ustanovitvijo splošnih ljudskih šol na eni strani in meščanskih šol na drugi še vedno ohranjal diferenciacijo na področju osnovnega šolstva. Zlasti na kranjskem podeželju je bilo stanje slabo, ker sta bili zadnji dve leti obveznega osemletnega šolanja skrčeni na pouk v zimskih mesecih po nekaj ur tedensko, to so bile tako imenovane ponavljalne šole. Na podeželju naj bi nastajale tudi kmetijsko-nadaljevalne šole, ki naj bi se v sedmem in osmem letu osnovnošolskega izobraževanja osredotočale zlasti na kmetijstvo za dečke in gospodinjstvo za deklice, vendar v praksi niso resnično zaživele. Berilo Ljudevita Stiasnyja je pisano za ponavljalne in (kmetijsko) nadaljevalne šole in v njem prevladujejo gospodarske teme, med njimi se pojavi tudi tako imenovani tujski promet, s čimer turizem prvič v zgodovini slovenskega šolstva dobi mesto v osnovni šoli. Stiasny se naslanja na članke v Gorenjcu, ki je zlasti v letih 1905 in 1906 objavljal tehtne zapise o pomenu tujskega prometa, ki se mu je obetala lepa prihodnost zlasti po odprtju bohinjske železnice l. 1906, ki je bila del širše železniške povezave med Prago in Trstom. Toda v nasprotju z Gorenjcem, ki je gledal tujski promet na Kranjskem celostno, kot na splet najširših družbenih in političnih dejavnikov na ravni dežele, občin, posameznih krajev in turističnih društev, katerih delovanje je koordinirala Deželna zveza za tujski promet za Kranjsko, je Stiasny upošteval realne možnosti posameznih kmečkih gospodarstev, ki jim je bil kmečki turizem dopolnilna dejavnost in jim finančne možnosti niso omogočale turističnega delovanja v velikem obsegu, vendar so lahko izvajala tujski promet kot donosno dopolnilno dejavnost. Nauk o serviranju Alfonza Mencingerja si upravičeno zasluži naziv prvi slovenski učbenik za gostinstvo, ki je bil toliko bolj pomemben, ker na Slovenskem ni bilo v obdobju Avstro-Ogrske niti ene gostilničarsko-nadaljevalne šole, zato je usposabljanje gostilničarskih delavcev na Slovenske potekalo v obliki vajeništva, na Kranjskem pa so v letih 1908-1911 organizirali še vrsto izobraževalnih dejavnosti, pri katerih je bila dejavna gostilničarsko-turistična elita tistega časa, npr. odvetnik Valentin Krisper, Ubald pl. Trnkozcy, Fran Gärtner, Alfonz Mencinger, Jakob Peternel, Ivan Kenda, Fran Krapeš … Organizirali so tudi znamenito strokovno ekskurzijo na Dunaj l. 1908, na kateri so stopili v stik z dunajsko hotelirsko elito in z ministrstvom za delo, ki je bilo zadolženo za nadzor nad gostinstvom in turizmom, v letih 1909-1911 pa so organizirali 5 dobro obiskanih in zelo kvalitetnih kuharsko-gostilničarskih tečajev, ki so jih vodili ugledni hotelirji in usposobljeni učitelji kuhanja. Mencingerjev učbenik je prevod in priredba znanega nemškega učbenika iz l. 1905 Servierkunde Adolfa Hessa, ravnatelja znamenite šole za gostinstvo na Dunaju, ki jo je pomagal ustanoviti, in pomembnega uslužbenca na ministrstvu za delo, in njegovih dveh sodelavcev. Adolf Hess in njegova soproga Olga sta l. 1913 skupaj izdala znamenito knjigo Wienerküche, ki izhaja še danes in utrjuje in razširja ugled sloveče dunajske kuhinje. Povest Tujski promet temelji na Detelovem pogostem pisateljskem prijemu: tujec ali domačin, ki se je dolgo mudil v širnem svetu, vpelje v preprosto vaško okolje novo neagrarno gospodarsko dejavnost, ki pomembno vpliva na okolico. V povesti Ivan Korbin, lastnik največjega posestva, ki je študiral na visoki tehniški šoli v Gradcu, vendar študija ni dokončal, sklene, da bo vpeljal v svoj kraj tujski promet, pri čemer pa zagreši vrsto napak: se zainvestira, napačno oceni potrebe bodoče turistične klientele, posla se loti popolnoma neusposobljen, gospodarske napake pa okrona še s skrajno neprimerno poroko in to ga pogubi. Toda če je njega turistična dejavnost v spregi z nespametnim značajem pogubila, je kmečkim gospodarjem, ki so uspešno oddajali sobe in prodajali sadje in živila, prinesla velike koristi. Sklep. Detela ni bil a priori proti tujskemu prometu, je pa razumel, da so za uspeh potrebne usposobljenost, premišljenost in izkušnje, kot krona vsega pa kvalitetna zakonska zveza. Zlasti sta zanimivi družinska dinamika pri Petanovih in diskretna tekma med Korbini in Gričarji, dvema najuglednejšima družinama v vasi, v kateri zmagajo urejeni in stabilni Gričarji, ki se premišljeno lotijo žagarstva, bistveno manj kompleksne in družbeno bistveno manj občutljive dejavnosti, in uspejo. Tujski promet ne velja za Detelovo najboljše delo, vendar ponuja veliko snovi za razmišljanje, zlasti ker opozarja na pomen človeškega dejavnika pri vzponu in padcu podjetja, zato je vredno nadaljnje obravnave. Glavna vrednost monografije je v njenem interdisciplinarnem pristopu in zlasti v njeni osredotočenosti na manj znana in danes skoraj pozabljena besedila, ki pa si zaslužijo raziskovalno pozornost zaradi svoje tematike, vpetosti v takratno izobraževalno, gospodarsko in kulturno okolje ter sporočilne vrednosti. V njih se namreč prepletajo šolstvo, gostinsko-turistična stroka in leposlovje, in sicer njihovi manj pogosto raziskovani vidiki. Pri osnovnem šolstvu se namreč monografija osredotoča na redko obravnavane ponavljalne šole, medtem ko v poglavju o usposabljanju gostilničarjev in restavraterjev odpira zlasti vprašanje o obrtno-nadaljevalnih šolah, ki so sodile v nižje poklicno izobraževanje in so bile zlasti na Kranjskem prevladujoč način strokovnega usposabljanja. Tudi Detelova povest, ki je na prvi pogled preprosto besedilo, v resnici odpira kompleksno temo družinske dinamike ter prepletanja gospodarskih, družbenih in človeških dejavnikov pri vzponu ali padcu gostinsko-turističnega podjetja. Razen tega je Detela pisatelj, čigar pisateljska, družbena in politična vizija še vedno čaka na ustrezne raziskave. The monograph examines three texts: Let Us Promote Tourism in the reader for revision or continuation schools by Ljudevit Stiasny, The Art of Serving by Alfonz Mencinger, and the novella Tourism by Fran Detela. All three were published in 1912 and focus on three activities that significantly shaped the Slovenian economic and cultural landscape in the period before the First World War: primary education, hospitality and tourism, and literature. The monograph primarily focuses on Carniola as the Slovenian province where Slovene national identity was most strongly established, which is also evident in all three mentioned fields—literature, hospitality and tourism, and primary education (in terms of Slovenization). It highlights social differentiation in primary education from 1774 to 1918, due to which rural schooling was consistently neglected compared to primary schools in more developed urban environments. The landmark Primary School Act of 1869 abolished the most striking differences among teachers in terms of education and pay—differences that had resulted from the division of primary schools into trivial schools, main schools, and normal schools. However, by establishing general people’s schools on the one hand and civic schools on the other, it still maintained differentiation within primary education. The situation was particularly poor in rural Carniola, where the final two years of compulsory eight-year schooling were reduced to only a few hours of instruction per week during the winter months; these were the so-called continuation schools. Agricultural continuation schools were also supposed to be established in rural areas, focusing in the seventh and eighth years primarily on agriculture for boys and household management for girls, but in practice they never truly took hold. Ljudevit Stiasny’s reader was written for continuation and (agricultural) continuation schools and is dominated by economic topics. Among these appears the so-called “tourist traffic,” through which tourism gained a place in primary education for the first time in the history of Slovenian schooling. Stiasny relied on articles published in Gorenjec, which in 1905 and 1906 featured substantial discussions on the importance of tourism, a field expected to have a promising future, especially after the opening of the Bohinj Railway in 1906, part of a broader rail connection between Prague and Trieste. However, unlike Gorenjec, which viewed tourism in Carniola holistically—as a network of broad social and political factors at the provincial, municipal, local, and tourism association levels coordinated by the Provincial Association for Tourism in Carniola—Stiasny considered the realistic capacities of individual peasant households. For them, rural tourism was a supplementary activity, and although their financial means did not allow large-scale operations, they could still engage in tourism as a profitable additional source of income. Alfonz Mencinger’s The Art of Serving justifiably deserves the title of the first Slovenian textbook on hospitality. This was particularly important because, during the Austro-Hungarian period, there was not a single vocational continuation school for innkeepers in the Slovenian lands. As a result, training in the hospitality sector took place primarily through apprenticeships. In Carniola, however, between 1908 and 1911 a number of educational initiatives were organized by the hospitality and tourism elite of the time, including figures such as lawyer Valentin Krisper, Ubald von Trnkozcy, Fran Gärtner, Alfonz Mencinger, Jakob Peternel, Ivan Kenda, and Fran Krapeš. They also organized the notable professional excursion to Vienna in 1908, during which they established contacts with the Viennese hotel elite and the Ministry of Labour, responsible for overseeing hospitality and tourism. Between 1909 and 1911, they organized five well-attended and high-quality culinary and hospitality courses led by distinguished hoteliers and trained cooking instructors. Mencinger’s textbook is a translation and adaptation of the well-known German textbook Servierkunde (1905) by Adolf Hess, director of the renowned hospitality school in Vienna, which he helped establish, and an important official at the Ministry of Labour, along with his two collaborators. Adolf Hess and his wife Olga later co-authored the famous book Wiener Küche in 1913, which continues to be published today and reinforces the reputation of Viennese cuisine. The novella Tourism is based on a frequent narrative device used by Detela: a foreigner or a local who has spent a long time abroad introduces a new non-agricultural economic activity into a simple rural environment, significantly influencing the community. In the story, Ivan Korbin, the owner of the largest estate—who studied at the Technical University in Graz but did not complete his studies—decides to introduce tourism to his village. However, he makes a series of mistakes: he overinvests, misjudges the needs of future tourists, and undertakes the venture without any proper training. He compounds these economic errors with an extremely unsuitable marriage, which ultimately leads to his downfall. Yet while tourism, combined with his imprudent character, destroys him, it brings substantial benefits to peasant households that successfully rent out rooms and sell fruit and food. In conclusion, Detela was not opposed to tourism per se, but he understood that success requires competence, careful planning, and experience—crowned by a stable and suitable marriage. Particularly noteworthy are the family dynamics within the Petan family and the subtle rivalry between the Korbin and Gričar families, the two most prominent families in the village. The orderly and stable Gričar family ultimately prevails, as they prudently engage in sawmilling—a far less complex and socially sensitive activity—and succeed. Although Tourism is not considered one of Detela’s best works, it offers rich material for reflection, especially in highlighting the importance of the human factor in the rise and fall of a business, and thus merits further study. The main value of the monograph lies in its interdisciplinary approach and, above all, in its focus on lesser-known and today almost forgotten texts that nevertheless deserve scholarly attention due to their themes, their embeddedness in the educational, economic, and cultural context of the time, and their communicative value. These texts intertwine education, hospitality and tourism studies, and literature, particularly in their less frequently explored aspects. In the case of primary education, the monograph focuses on the rarely studied continuation schools, while in the chapter on the training of innkeepers and restaurateurs it addresses the issue of vocational continuation schools, which belonged to lower vocational education and were, especially in Carniola, the predominant form of professional training. Detela’s novella, which at first glance appears simple, in fact opens up a complex theme of family dynamics and the interplay of economic, social, and human factors in the success or failure of a hospitality and tourism enterprise. Moreover, Detela is an author whose literary, social, and political vision still awaits thorough scholarly investigation. true true true Visoka šola za upravljanje podeželja Grm Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Drugo 2026-04-10 10:44:48 2026-04-10 10:44:48 2026-04-11 03:38:25 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2025 0 Novo mesto 2025 Novo mesto 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno NiDoloceno 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 377(497.4)(091) 978-961-94364-6-2 192525315 Slovenski_gospodarski_in_kulturni_prostor_pred_prvo_svetovno_vojno.pdf Slovenski_gospodarski_in_kulturni_prostor_pred_prvo_svetovno_vojno.pdf 1 EC15F5821FB7DBBB7BEA03B6D93EBAE6 5432bfda54751c4f79467d6409923b8a42eadaede45b7e92c8e6cd26672aa775 2b9589fa-34be-11f1-b941-001a4af901a5 https://revis.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=16101 Visoka šola za upravljanje podeželja Grm Novo mesto 0 0 0