20.500.12556/ReVIS-13757 Razmerje med žargonom in terminologijo na primeru fizioterapije Relationship between jargon and terminology in the context of physiotherapy Doktorska disertacija obravnava žargon v odnosu do terminologije, in sicer na področju fizioterapije. Osredinja se torej na poimenovalne enote, ki se pojavljajo v sporazumevanju med strokovnjaki, ko je sporazumevanje načeloma vezano na govorni prenosnik. Žargon (ki ga razumemo kot nabor poimenovanj, z osnovno poimenovalno enoto žargonizmom) v položajih z znižano stopnjo formalnosti opravlja enako funkcijo, kot jo sicer terminologija. Izhodišče obravnave žargona je terminološka veda, ki preučuje in ureja poimenovanja posameznih strokovnih področij, in s tem povezan pojmovni pristop; terminologija (in žargon) označuje miselne enote posameznega področja, pri terminološkem delu se izhaja od pojmov. Doktorska disertacija je razdeljena na dva dela. V prvem delu je predstavljeno teoretično ozadje žargona v povezavi s terminologijo, ki se naslanja na razpoložljivo literaturo o splošnem jeziku, terminološko literaturo, prispevke o žargonu, splošne jezikovne priročnike in terminološke slovarje. V drugem delu so predstavljeni fizioterapevtski žargonizmi in splošnejše tipi žargonskih poimenovanj. Žargon se preučuje kot del strokovnega jezika, torej tistega dela jezika, ki ga povezujemo s strokovnim sporazumevanjem in se od splošnega jezika loči zlasti po rabi terminologije. Upoštevano je ločevanje med žargonizmi, ki so kot poimenovalne enote del strokovnega jezika, ter pogovornimi besedami, ki so del splošnega jezika. Tako kot so si lahko med seboj podobni termini in leksemi, so si lahko podobni tudi žargonizmi in leksemi, pri čemer je ključna zamejenost s strokovnim področjem, uporabniki (ki so strokovnjaki) in okoliščinami sporazumevanja. Sporazumevalni položaji, v katerih se žargon pojavlja, so opredeljeni kot polformalni. Eno od glavnih terminoloških načel je načelo ustaljenosti, po katerem ima prednost termin, ki se najpogosteje uporablja. Ustaljenost je tista, ki zagotavlja stabilnost terminološkega sistema in omogoča učinkovito sporazumevanje. Dolgi, opisni termini, ki niso v skladu s terminološkim načelom gospodarnosti (ki daje prednost krajšim terminom pred daljšimi), so podvrženi nastanku terminoloških variant. Dolgi in opisni termini pa prav tako lahko dobijo svoj žargonizem. Žargonizmi, kot oznake za pojme, na račun praktičnosti in kratkosti izkazujejo odmik od ustaljenih poimenovanj za te pojme – ki so navadno termini. Žargon ni prepoznan kot del neustaljene(ponekod se omenja nestandardna) terminologije, ki se jo razume predvsem kot terminološke variante (različice osnovnih terminov) oz. poimenovanja, ki jih neka stroka ne prepoznava kot ustaljena, ker se ne pojavljajo dovolj pogosto ali pa so s kakršnega koli vidika neustrezna. Pri žargonizmih ne gre za neustaljenost, niti neustreznost, saj ti učinkovito opravljajo svojo vlogo v pol formalnih govornih situacijah, za formalne govorne položaje pa niso primerni (zamejuje jih torej prenosnik in stopnja formalnosti). Meje med terminološkimi variantami in žargonizmi niso vedno povsem jasne, kar je bilo videti v primeru žargonizmov, ki so nastali z izpustom ene sestavine termina. Žargon v slovenski jezikoslovni literaturi do sedaj še ni bil sistematično raziskan, obravnavan je bil zlasti v okviru socialne zvrstnosti kot del interesnih govoric, skupaj s slengom in argojem. Mogoče je opaziti pojmovno zmedo, termin žargon ni vedno nedvoumno definiran in tako ni jasno, na kaj se pravzaprav nanaša. K žargonu se včasih prištevajo tudi slengizmi in pogovorne besede splošnega jezika. Avtorji, ki so o njem pisali, ga sicer povezujejo s strokovnim jezikom, poleg tega pa ga pripisujejo tudi nekaterim drugim (nestrokovnim) skupinam. V doktorski disertaciji je žargon razumljen kot poimenovalne enote, ki jih uporabljajo strokovnjaki določenega strokovnega področja ali poklica za oznako pojmov, ki so del pojmovnega sistema te stroke, ne pa pripadniki katere koli skupine (npr. študenti, gangsterji ipd., kot se pogosto navaja). V starejših slovenskih terminoloških slovarjih se pojavlja označevalnik žargonsko, pri čemer pa njegova raba ni utemeljena na jasnih načelih. Označevalnik bodisi ni pojasnjen ali pa je pojasnilo podobno drugim označevalnikom v slovarju. Natančnih meril, po katerih se poimenovalne enote presojajo, slovarji ne podajajo. Sodobni terminološki slovarji žargonizmov načeloma ne vključujejo. Terminološki kandidati se navadno pridobivajo iz pisnih besedil, kjer pa se žargonizmi praviloma ne pojavljajo. Doktorska disertacija v drugem delu prinaša analizo avtentičnega gradiva, ki je bilo pridobljeno v raziskavah na terenu, na strokovnih sestankih, kjer je šlo za nepripravljen govor fizioterapevtov. V raziskavi so sodelovale tri različne zdravstvene ustanove in trije različni kolektivi fizioterapevtov ,ki tudi sicer delajo skupaj, kar je bil pogoj za znižano stopnjo formalnosti pogovorov. Raziskava seje osredotočala na poimenovalne enote, ki v fizioterapiji označujejo posamezne pojme. S pomočjo strokovnjakov (fizioterapevtov) ter relevantnih pisnih besedil s tega področja je bila posamezna enoto presojana v razmerju do termina, ki označuje isti pojem. Namen je bil ugotoviti, ali gre pri posameznem poimenovanju res za žargonizem ali morda za neprednostni sinonim nekega ustaljenega termina. Na ta način je bilo pridobljenih 127 žargonizmov, ki se, glede na skupne značilnosti, razvrščajo v enajst skupin. V dvanajsto skupino, ki v statistično analizo ni bila všteta, se uvršča enajst poimenovanj, ki sicer odstopajo od ostalih žargonizmov, imajo pa njim podobno funkcijo. Oblikovala se je tipologija žargona, ki sicer prikazuje stanje na področju fizioterapevtske terminologije, vseeno pa ima splošno vrednost, ki bi jo bilo mogoče prenesti tudi na druga strokovna področja. Enajst skupin, v katere so razvrščeni posamezni žargonizmi, je poimenovanih: lastnoimenski žargonizmi, izpustni žargonizmi, posamostaljeni žargonizmi, žargonizmi – opravkarji, metonimični žargonizmi, manjšalniški žargonizmi, žargonizmi – okrnjenke, kratični žargonizmi, žargonizmi – simboli, iztujejezični žargonizmi ter metaforično motivirani žargonizmi. Dvanajsta skupina je poimenovana navidezni žargonizmi. Na osnovi zbranega gradiva je videti, da je najštevilčnejša skupina lastnoimenskih žargonizmov, najmanjša pa je skupina metaforično motiviranih žargonizmov. Nekatere primere bi potencialno lahko uvrstili v različne skupine. Fizioterapevtski termini, ki imajo svoj žargonizem, ga navadno dobijo zaradi praktičnosti in gospodarnosti. Opazna je zlasti težnja po krajšem in preprostejšem poimenovanju nekega fizioterapevtskega pojma, ki omogoča hitro predajanje strokovne informacije. Poimenovanja tako lahko izgubijo natančnost pri oznaki vsebine. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so žargonizmi, v primerjavi s termini, lahko odvisni od konteksta. Ker mora tudi žargon zagotoviti učinkovito sporazumevanje brez komunikacijskih šumov, strokovnjaki včasih s pomočjo sobesedila prepoznajo pojem, na katerega se žargonizem nanaša. Enoumnost se torej ne doseže nujno samo s poimenovanjem. Žargonizem in termin, ki označujeta isti pojem, med sabo nista v sinonimnem razmerju. Ne moremo govoriti o njuni zamenljivosti v besedilu, saj se pojavljata v situacijah z različno stopnjo formalnosti, poleg tega pa je žargonizem relativno omejen z govornim prenosnikom. Termini se pojavljajo v zapisanih in govorjenih besedilih. Terminologija kot veda je sicer opisovalna in predpisovalna. Predpisovalni vidik se kaže v določitvi prednostnih terminov, kar je nujno za poenoteno terminologijo. Z normativnimi odločitvami se ureja sinonimija. Žargonizme bi se, kot poimenovalne enote, moralo izločiti že pred terminološkim dogovorom, saj ne gre za sinonime, temveč za poimenovalne enote, ki so učinkovite in prepoznane kot primerne le v polformalnih govornih situacijah. Da poimenovalno enoto opredelimo kot žargonizem, mora zanj obstajati neko nevtralno poimenovanje, ki označuje isti pojem. To nevtralno poimenovanje je lahko termin, kombinacija dveh terminov ali pa termin s kakšnim dodatnim pojasnilom, torej daljše opisno poimenovanje, kije pravzaprav velikokrat tudi razlog, da žargonizem sploh nastane. Doktorska disertacija prinaša novo teoretično opredelitev žargona in njegovo tipologijo, ki temeljina obstoječih jezikoslovnih ugotovitvah ter novih dognanjih, preverjenih na avtentičnem gradivu. Prinaša nekatere smernice, kako prepoznati žargonizem kot poimenovalno enoto, kar bo uporabno zlasti pri terminološkem in terminografskem delu. The doctoral dissertation examines jargon in relation to terminology, specifically within the field of physiotherapy. It focuses on naming units that occur in expert communication, particularly when this communication is primarly spoken. Jargon, understood as a set of names whose basic naming unit is a jargonism, serves the same function as terminology in less formal situations. The exploration of jargon is grounded in the science of terminology, which studies and regulates the names used in individual professional fields, and the related conceptual approach; both terminology and jargon represent mental units of a particular field, and terminological work is concept-based. The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first part presents the theoretical background of jargon in relation to terminology, drawing on literature on general language, terminological literature, articles on jargon, general language manuals and terminological dictionaries. The second part presents physiotherapy jargonisms and, more broadly, types of jargonisms. Jargon is studied as part of language for special purposes, meaning the aspect of language associated with professional communication, which differs from language for general purposes mainly by its use of terminology. A distinction is made between jargonisms, which are naming units within language for special purposes, and colloquial words, which belong to language for general purposes. Just as terms and lexemes can resemble each other, jargonisms and lexemes can also be similar; however, the key distinction lies in the communicative environment (professional field), the users (who are experts), and the circumstances of communication. The communicative situations in which jargon appears are defined as semi-formal. One of the main terminological principles is the principle of consistency, which states that the most frequently used term takes precedence. Consistency ensures the stability of the terminology system and enables effective communication. Long, descriptive terms that do not comply with the principle of economy – which favours shorter terms over longer ones – are subject to the creation of terminological variants. Long and descriptive terms may also develop into their own jargonisms. Jargonisms, as labels for concepts, deviate from the established names for these concepts – usually terms – for reasons of practicality and brevity. Jargon is not recognised as part of non-established (sometimes referred to as non-standard) terminology, which is understood primarily as terminological variants (variations of basic terms) or designations that a particular group of professionals does not recognise as established because they do not appear frequently enough or are considered inappropriate from a certain perspective. Jargonisms are neither unestablished nor inappropriate, as they effectively serve their purpose in semi-formal speech situations, but are not suitable for formal contexts (they are therefore limited by context and degree of formality). The boundaries between terminological variants and jargonisms are not always entirely clear, as seen in cases where jargonisms arise from an omission of one component of a term. Jargon in Slovenian linguistic literature has not yet been systematically researched; it has mainly been discussed as a social variety within interest-based speech, alongside slang and argot. There is some conceptual confusion, as the term jargon is not always clearly defined, making its reference unclear. Slang and colloquial words from the language for general purposes are sometimes also considered part of jargon. Authors who have written about jargon have associated it with professional language, but have also attributed it to certain other non-professional groups. In this doctoral dissertation, jargon is defined as naming units used by experts in a particular professional field or occupation to represent concepts that are part of the conceptual system of that profession, and not by members of any other group (e.g., students, gangsters, etc., as is often claimed). Older Slovenian terminology dictionaries use the label žargonsko, but its application lacks clear principles. Either the label is not explained, or its explanation is similar to that of other labels in the dictionary. The dictionaries do not provide precise criteria for naming units. Modern terminology dictionaries generally do not include jargonisms. Terminology candidates are usually sourced from written texts, where jargonisms rarely appear. The second part of the doctoral dissertation presents an analysis of authentic material collected during field research in professional meetings, where physiotherapists spoke spontaneously. The research involved three different healthcare institutions and three different groups of physiotherapists, who collaborate on a regular basis, which was a prerequisite for the required reduced level of formality in the conversations. The study focused on naming units that represent individual concepts in physiotherapy. With the assistance of experts (physiotherapists) and relevant written texts in the field, each unit was assessed in relation to the term that represent the same concept. The aim was to determine whether a particular term is genuinely a jargonism or perhaps a non-preferred synonym for an established term. In this way, 127 jargonisms were identified and, based on their common characteristics, classified into eleven groups. The twelfth group, which was not included in the statistical analysis, includes eleven terms that differ from the other jargonisms but serve a similar function. A typology of jargon was developed, which reflects the state of physiotherapy terminology and also has general value applicable to other professional fields. The eleven groups into which individual jargonisms are classified are: proper name jargonisms, omitted jargonisms, nominalised jargonisms, jargonisms – agent nouns, metonymic jargonisms, diminutive jargonisms, jargonisms – clipped forms, abbreviated jargonisms, jargonisms – symbols, foreign-language jargonisms, and metaphorically motivated jargonisms. The twelfth group is designated as apparent jargonisms. Based on the collected material, the largest group is proper name jargonisms, while the smallest group is metaphorically motivated jargonisms. Some examples could potentially be classified into more than one group. Physiotherapy terms that develop their own jargonisms usually do so for reasons of practicality and economy. There is a clear tendency towards shorter and simpler names for physiotherapy concepts, which facilitate the rapid transmission of professional information. However, such names can lose accuracy in terms of content. It has been found that, compared to terms, jargonisms can be context dependent. Since jargon must also enable effective communication without interference, experts sometimes rely on the specific context to identify the concept to which a jargonism refers. Therefore, clarity is not necessarily achieved by naming alone. A jargonism and a term that represent the same concept are not synonymous. They cannot be used interchangeably in a text, as they occur in situations with varying degrees of formality, and jargon is relatively limited to spoken language. Terms appear in both written and spoken texts. Terminology as a science is both descriptive and prescriptive. The prescriptive aspect is evident in the determination of preferred terms, which is necessary for unified terminology. Synonymy is regulated by normative decisions. Jargonisms, as naming units, would have to be eliminated before a terminological agreement is reached, as they are not synonyms but naming units effective and recognised as appropriate only in semi-formal speech situations. To define a naming unit as a jargonism, there must first be a neutral designation that represent the same concept. This neutral designation may be a term, a combination of two terms, or a term with some additional explanation i.e., a longer descriptive designation, which is often the reason for jargonisms. The doctoral dissertation presents a new theoretical definition of jargon and its typology, based on existing linguistic findings and new insights verified using authentic material. It offers guidelines for recognising jargonism as a naming unit, which will be particularly useful in terminological and terminographic work. žargon terminologija žargonizem ustaljenost gospodarnost polformalnost jargon terminology jargonism consistency economy semi-formality true false false Podiplomska šola ZRC SAZU Slovenski jezik Angleški jezik Doktorsko delo/naloga 2026-04-24 13:35:21 2026-05-03 12:04:50 2026-05-04 03:35:20 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 Ljubljana 0 0000-00-00 NiDoloceno NiDoloceno NiDoloceno 2026-02-04 2026-04-01 2026-04-21 58_OmanJ_disertacija_2026.pdf 58_OmanJ_disertacija_2026.pdf 1 33F909F7B7DC14869C49CBA472EB257F 33a5a7eb354a5b49706bd3234f8f9836b356d96037bc8d8d6e5ac41cc7629763 32e6cd26-3fd2-11f1-ad5f-001a4af901a5 https://revis.openscience.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=16623 Podiplomska šola ZRC SAZU 0 0 0