31. Multilevel complex systems approaches to computational linguistics : doctoral dissertationKristina Ban, 2018, doctoral dissertation Abstract: Complex systems are omnipresent in nature, society as well as in human culture. Last few decades saw an increase of interest for their study, particularly by using graph-theoretic methodologies. By identifying systems' units as nodes and modelling interactions between the units as links, the study of complex networks spread to a number of disciplines including sociology, biology and linguistics, to just mention a few. The research done in this doctoral dissertation falls in this context. The core of this doctoral work is the data-driven multilevel analysis of major human languages, which was done in two stages. First, we looked at the speed of growth of Wikipedias in 26 different languages over the span of 15 years. This involved creating and analysing a dataset with 14962 articles, each of which exists in all 26 languages. We found six well-defined clusters of Wikipedias that share common growth patterns, with their make-up robust against the method used for their determination. Interestingly, the identified clusters were found to have little correlation with the respective language families. Rather, our results suggest that growth of Wikipedias is primarily governed by an intricate set of other factors, from culture to information literacy. Second, to approach human languages at another independent level, we gathered a dataset comprising a list of syllables and a list of syllables words in 10 different languages, specifically: English, Dutch, German, Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, French, Spanish, Latin and Basque. These datasets were obtained from recognized repositories for each language and benchmarked in the same way. Syllable networks were created by looking at pairs of syllables that jointly compose at least one word. We then carried out a systematic network analysis, relying on both standard network analysis methods and more recent techniques, such as K-core analysis and graphlet statistics. Research revealed striking similarities between the architectures of syllable networks that belong to the same language family, along with expected differences between the families. Indeed, structures of syllable networks were found to well quantify the linguistic similarities among these 10 languages, exactly as known from classical linguistics. Most interestingly, we found that Basque language, whose classification is as of today still unknown, bares a strong resemblance to Latin, at least when syllable network representation is concerned. Earlier stages of this doctoral work involved comparing the performance of network alignment algorithms, used in bioinformatics for studying protein networks. Several alignment algorithms were compared by scoring their performance on standard protein datasets. It was found that three algorithms, HUBALIGN, L-GRAAL and NATALIE, regularly produce the most topologically and biologically coherent alignments. Due to the change of doctoral adviser, this research topic was abandoned in favour of language/syllable networks. In sum, this doctoral work involved two distinct directions of research in network science, one related to developing the methodology of network analysis (alignment algorithms), and the other devoted to extracting new information from specifically designed datasets (syllable networks). Therefore, the original contribution of this work to science includes both theory and methodology. Future research avenues include advancement along both directions, most interesting being the application of network alignment methods to syllable datasets, which could reveal more precise quantification of structural differences among syllable networks.
Keywords: computational statistics, biostatistics, bioinformatics, machine learning, computational linguistics
Published in ReVIS: 21.12.2018; Views: 3195; Downloads: 139
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34. Nekateri primerjalnopravni vidiki obdavčitve kapitalskih dobičkov : magistrsko deloKristina Žnidaršič, 2017, master's thesis Abstract: V magistrskem delu je predstavljen razvoj in stanje slovenskega trga kapitala od osamosvojitve do danes - trga, ki je slabo razvit ter v velikem razvojnem zaostanku. Predstavljen je pomen davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb v strukturi javnofinančnih prihodkov, ki so bistveni za normalno delovanje države. Analizirani so učinki znižanja stopenj davkov od dohodkov pravnih oseb v Sloveniji in primerjava z EU ter pomen teh davkov v BDP. Predstavljena je problematika obdavčevanja kapitalskih dobičkov v svetu, ko davčni zavezanci poskušajo optimizirati svoje poslovanje in razvijajo globalne strategije optimiziranja tudi za področje plačevanja davkov. Praznine v davčnih zakonodajah držav multinacionalnim korporacijam omogočajo davčno preigravanje, ki ima izrazito negativne posledice, zato so podrobneje analizirani načini izogibanja plačila davkov. Predstavljena je primerjava obdavčitve kapitalskih dobičkov med ZDA in drugimi državami ter problematika obdavčevanja kapitalskih dobičkov v ZDA, na praktičnih primerih pa še primeri izogibanja davkov ameriških multinacionalk in njihova ekonomska ter politična moč. Analizirano je stanje neposrednih tujih investicij v Sloveniji in razlogi za obstoječe stanje. Za obdobje 2011-2015 je izdelan pregled obračunanega davka od dohodkov iz dejavnosti tujih multinacionalk v Sloveniji po merilu največjih zaposlovalcev. Podrobno sta predstavljena najnovejša predloga za harmonizacijo davkov v EU, to sta predloga CCTB in CCCTB-direktive, in sicer prednosti ter slabosti obeh predlogov in njun vpliv na konkurenčnost EU.
Keywords: davek od dohodka, pravne osebe, korporacije, davčne utaje, globalizacija, magistrske naloge, bolonjski program
Published in ReVIS: 17.08.2018; Views: 2665; Downloads: 158
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35. Mediacija v Sloveniji : diplomsko deloKristina Ušaj, 2017, undergraduate thesis Abstract: Mediacija je postopek alternativnega reševanja sporov, v katerem ena ali več nepristranskih tretjih oseb (mediatorjev) pomaga udeležencem, da se dogovorijo o spornih vprašanjih. Uporablja se pri reševanju sporov iz družinskih, gospodarskih in civilnih zadev ter pri delovnih in drugih premoženjskih zadevah, povezanih z zahtevki, s katerimi lahko stranke prosto razpolagajo in se glede njih tudi poravnajo. Dopustna je tudi v drugih zadevah, če je zakon ne izključuje. Uporaba mediacije je prostovoljna. Zakon o mediaciji v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah (ZMCGZ, Uradni list RS, št. 56/08) se nanaša na mediacijo na splošno % torej tako na mediacijo, ki je pridružena sodnim postopkom, kot tudi na izvensodno mediacijo. Opredeljuje zgolj temeljna pravila postopkov mediacije, drugo pa prepušča samoregulativnim mehanizmom. Zakonske določbe so dispozitivne, razen določb, ki urejajo načelo nepristranskosti mediatorja in učinek mediacije na prekluzivne in zastaralne roke. Zakon o alternativnem reševanju sodnih sporov (ZARSS, Uradni list RS, št. 97/09 in 40/12 - ZUJF), ki je bil sprejet 19. novembra 2009, uporabljati pa se je začel 15. junija 2010, nalaga prvostopenjskim in drugostopenjskim sodiščem obveznost, da v sporih iz gospodarskih, delovnih, družinskih in drugih civilnopravnih razmerij strankam omogočijo uporabo alternativnega reševanja sporov s tem, da sprejmejo in uveljavijo program alternativnega reševanja sporov. V okviru tega programa so sodišča dolžna strankam omogočiti uporabo mediacije, lahko pa tudi uporabo drugih oblik alternativnega reševanja sporov. Ministrstvo za pravosodje vodi centralno evidenco mediatorjev, ki delujejo v programih alternativnega reševanja sporov na sodiščih. Z mediacijo se ukvarja tudi več nevladnih organizacij: % Društvo mediatorjev Slovenije * Združenje mediacijskih organizacij Slovenije * MEDIOS Pod okriljem Ministrstva za pravosodje deluje Svet za alternativno reševanje sporov, ki je bil ustanovljen marca 2009. Svet za ARS predstavlja osrednje, neodvisno, strokovno, usklajevalno in posvetovalno telo ministra. Ključnega pomena v Sloveniji je bil začetek izvajanja sodišču pridružene mediacije v letu 2001 na Okrožnem sodišču v Ljubljani. V diplomskem delu bom predstavila posebnosti mediacije, njene značilnosti, prednosti in pomanjkljivosti ter kako poteka in se izvaja v Sloveniji.
Keywords: mediacija, spor, Slovenija, diplomske naloge, bolonjski program
Published in ReVIS: 16.08.2018; Views: 4386; Downloads: 293
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