61. The sociology of (Slovenian) constitutional democracyMatej Avbelj, 2018, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This article puts in the centre the increasingly notable discrepancy between constitutional democracy as a form and its actual practice in Central Europe, with a particular focus on Slovenia. It does so by following Martin Krygier who has long insisted with regard to the rule of law that "we would do well to explore [...] the sociology of the rule of law." As he has noted, "this is a social science that does not quite yet exist". As a result, especially lawyers have satisfied themselves with studying the rule of law in conceptual terms, limiting themselves to drawing a laundry list of formal requirements that an ideal concept of the rule of law should meet here and there, indeed everywhere. What has been too often neglected, however, by academics and institutional actors alike, is a social dimension of the rule of law. The formal legal-institutional architecture of the rule of law has too often ignored the broader social context, wherein, rather than in the legal institutions themselves, lies "a great deal that matters most to whether law can rule." The same conclusion as to the rule of law can be applied to a wider notion of constitutional democracy. Lest we are left with a partial, superficial or even flawed understanding of the concept, our focus must be centred on the constitutive social considerations of constitutional democracy. The latter's sociological dimension shall not remain outside legal theory, as it has been too often the case so far. To prevent that this article explores the following question: what is it in the Central European societies, such as Hungary, Poland and Slovenia, that inhibits the formal infrastructure of constitutional democracy to deliver its intended effects in practice? In pursuit of the answers, the article will be broken down into three parts. First, we are going to explain the concept of constitutional democracy as it has developed both in the Slovenian constitutional practice and in theory. Having passed the conceptual threshold, the next part will outline the main elements of the sociology of constitutional democracy, as applied to the Slovenian case. Of course, due to the space constraints the discussion will be necessarily schematic and will be used to respond to the main research question of this article, which boils to the identification of the main social factors that hinder the actual emergence of constitutional democracy in Slovenia. Finally, the article will close down with some normative proposals for improving the state of constitutional democracy in Central Europe in the not so distant future.
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62. Prihodnost varovanja človekovih pravic v Evropski unijiMatej Avbelj, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Deset let po uveljavitvi Listine Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah ta prispevek naslavlja vprašanje prihodnosti varovanja človekovih pravic v tej supranacionalni organizaciji. Iskanje odgovora se sestoji iz dveh delov. Prispevek najprej analizira razvoj človekovih pravic v Uniji skozi pet zgodovinskih faz, ki jih v drugem delu podvrže teoretični normativni oceni v luči prevladujočih teorij evropske integracije. Z izbiro teorije zveze kot najbolj prepričljive teorije o pravni in politični naravi integracije prispevek predlaga uravnotežen pristop, ki spoštuje pluralna ustavna razmerja znotraj integracije in ki poudarek s formalnega vidika varovanja človekovih pravic premakne predvsem na njihovo dejansko zaščito.
Ključne besede: temeljne pravice, pravno varstvo
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63. Conceptual framework and empirical methodology for measuring multidimensional judicial ideologyMatej Avbelj, Janez Šušteršič, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The article presents a conceptual framework and empirical methodology of an on-going research on the role of ideology in the decisions of the Slovenian Constitution Court. The literature review demonstrates that research on judicial ideology in the courts of European countries and international courts is still rare. This can be explained by conceptual, methodological and empirical challenges posed by this type of research. The article hence advances a conceptual framework which is, contra to the mainstream theoretical approach in the field, based on a multidimensional conception of ideology that is empirically operationalised along the economic, social and authoritarian dimensions with five possible ideological positions on each dimension. By applying the newly developed methodology to a sample of Courts decisions, it is demonstrated that this methodological approach is able to account for ideological differences between judges. This confirms that (judges) ideology is a complex multidimensional set of values and convictions that cannot be reduced to simply equating ideology with (possible) political affiliations.
Ključne besede: judicial ideology, multidimensional methodology, constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia, objectivist concept of law
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64. Constitutional pluralism and authoritarianismMatej Avbelj, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This article examines the relationship between constitutional pluralism and authoritarianism. It does so since the Weiss decision of the FCC spurred unusual attacks on constitutional pluralism. This particular theoretical vision of European integration has been described as inherently dangerous and its abandonment has been called for out of chiefly instrumentalist reasons, in order to prevent constitutional pluralism turning into an autocrats’ refuge. The article argues this critique of constitutional pluralism does not succeed. Due to its truncated, exclusively positivist understanding of constitutional pluralism, it has failed to take into account pluralism’s normative core. The latter presents itself an antipode to authoritarianism, which means that the autocratic regimes simply cannot credibly avail themselves of the theory of constitutional pluralism to justify their authoritarian actions.
Ključne besede: German Federal Constitutional Court, constitutional pluralism, principled legal pluralism, primacy
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66. Constitutional backsliding in Slovenia?Matej Avbelj, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Executive Summary
• Despite many achievements since independence across social, political, economic and constitutional domains, which are unobjectionable, equally many constitutional and political objectives still need to be met.
• Slovenia is unique with its specific model of state-owned capitalism, monopolized by the postcommunist left, that has resulted in the absence of economic pluralism, which consequently stands in the way of all other forms of social pluralism, including the existence of a vibrant pluralist civil society and professional pluralist media.
• The relatively small size of the country and the increasing weakness of the state’s formal institutional infrastructure (especially regarding the judiciary) and the growing passivity of the electorate, have enabled strong factional groups to create a parallel infrastructure of decisionmaking, which uses the formal institutions of the state as an instrument for their on-going economic self-enrichment and further entrenchment of their de facto political power.
• The dynamics of politics in Slovenia is thus opposite to that in the currently backsliding CEE countries. Rather than seeking a profound change in the society, the political agenda of the contemporary ‘Slovenian new class’ (i.e. the informal power structure undergirding the postcommunist left) is the preservation of the status quo by all means. Whenever this status quo is at least potentially challenged, bitter political and social conflicts, as at present, erupt.
• Under the radar of international attention, the specific Slovenian transition has resulted in an institutionally undernourished rule of law system and democratic governance, marked by an implosion of the political space, incessant populism and growing political radicalization in favour of illiberal democracy. The latter has traditionally existed on the (far-)left, but more recently its support started to build also on the former centre-right, which began to voice public support for the actually backsliding CEE countries.
• The course of the development of the Slovenian constitutional democracy three decades after the country’s declaration of independence therefore remains uncertain as never before.
Ključne besede: Slovenia, independence, constitutional objectives
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67. Nova univerza in prihodnost Evropske unijeMatej Avbelj, Polona Batagelj, Liliana Brožič, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: 9. maja se je v Strasbourgu, sicer z enoletno zamudo, uradno začela Konferenca o prihodnosti Evrope. Gre za »veliki vseevropski demokratični projekt«, ki naj bi pozitivno vplival predvsem na zmanjševanje demokratičnega primanjkljaja EU. Procesno sredstvo za ta cilj predstavlja digitalna platforma Evropske komisije, ki služi kot »vozlišče Konference o prihodnosti Evrope« in državljankam ter državljanom EU daje priložnost izjaviti se o tem, v kašni Evropi želijo živeti. Ker na Novi univerzi verjamemo, da imajo predvsem mladi pomembno vlogo pri oblikovanju prihodnosti (EU), smo se tudi sami odločili izvesti empirično raziskavo glede tega, kako študenti sploh poznajo EU, ali se zavedajo obstoja Konference o prihodnosti Evrope, katere izzive štejejo za najbolj pomembne ter v kaj in kako naj se EU, po njihovem mnenju, razvije v prihodnje. Rezultati ankete so pokazali, da Konferenca o prihodnosti Evrope med študenti (kot tudi državljankami in državljani EU nasploh) očitno ni ponotranjena. Slednje pomeni, da bo Nova univerza pri ozaveščanju svoje študentske populacije o evropskih temah morala postoriti še marsikaj, s čimer bo zagotovo prispevala tudi k oblikovanju oziroma postopni izgradnji evropske politične identitete.
Ključne besede: konferenca o prihodnosti Evrope, Nova univerza, prihodnost EU, integracija EU, državljani EU
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68. Constitutionalization of Jože Pučnik's political thoughtMatej Avbelj, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This article sheds light on the academic side of dr. Jože Pučnik. While his civic, dissident and political activities in Slovenia have been well known, his academic work and the political philosophy he developed have been largely neglected. This is unfortunate, as already a cursory insight in Pučnik’s monography on Culture, Society and Technology, such as provided in this article, reveals the richness of his political thought. Pučnik as an intellectual, as a political thinker was not only aware of the main currents of western political philosophy after the WWII, but was also entirely on par with then political and legal thinkers. He had integrated their work into his own political philosophy, which he subsequently applied to the case study of Slovenia, a country that he felt most deeply about.
Ključne besede: Jože Pučnik, Slovenia, constitutionalism, enlightenment, pluralism, democracy
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69. Reconceptualizing constitutionalism in the AI run algorithmic societyMatej Avbelj, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This Article is dedicated to what is arguably one of the most significant tests to which constitutionalism has been subject to in recent times. It examines the theoretical and practical challenges to constitutionalism arising from the profound technological changes under the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) in our emerging algorithmic society. The unprecedented rapid development of AI technology has not only rendered conventional theories of modern constitutionalism obsolete, but it has also created an epistemic gap in constitutional theory. As a result, there is a clear need for a new, compelling constitutional theory that adequately accounts for the scale of technological change by accurately capturing it, engaging with it, and ultimately, responding to it in a conceptually and normatively convincing way
Ključne besede: constitutionalism, artificial intelligence (AI), technology, legal theory
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70. Kratkoročni učinki hipoterapije na motorične spretnosti otrok z Downovim sindromom : diplomsko delo visokošolskega strokovnega študijskega programa prve bolonjske stopnje FizioterapijaManca Milar, 2023, diplomsko delo Opis: Downov sindrom je najpogostejša kromosomska nepravilnost in prav tako najpogostejši vzrok duševne prizadetosti. Potemtakem je področje pomembno za raziskovanje, saj se z osebami z Downovim sindromom v fizioterapiji soočamo tako v centrih za usposabljanje, delo in varstvo, šolah za osebe s posebnimi potrebami kot tudi pri obravnavah v ambulantah javnega zdravstva ali pri zasebnikih. Namen raziskovalnega dela je skozi pregled literature raziskati, ali je hipoterapija kratkoročno učinkovita metoda za izboljšanje motoričnih spretnosti pri otrocih z Downovim sindromom. Literaturo, ki je bila v raziskavi uporabljena, smo zbirali v obdobju med januarjem 2022 in septembrom 2023 v internetnih podatkovnih bazah PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar ter Google spletni brskalnik. Ostalo literaturo smo pridobili v knjižnici s pomočjo spletne strani Cobiss. Za določitev ustreznosti pregledane literature smo uporabili PRIZMA diagram. Za sestavo teoretičnega dela diplomskega dela smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo, v določenem delu tudi metodi komparacije in analize. V empiričnem delu diplomskega dela pa smo uporabili metodo komparacije podatkov, kjer smo primerjali podatke iz devetih raziskav. Ugotovili smo izboljšanje motoričnih spretnosti otrok z Downovim sindromom po vseh preiskovanih parametrih. Hipoterapija se je tako izkazala za učinkovito metodo v fizioterapiji, ki ima učinek na izboljšanje mišične moči, statičnega in dinamičnega ravnotežja, vzdržljivosti, kontrole trupa in glave ter gibljivosti. Hkrati vpliva tudi na zmanjšanje mišičnega tonusa spastičnih mišic. Vpliva pa tudi na izboljšanje vseh parametrov lestvice GMFM-88, ki je največkrat uporabljeno merilno orodje v izbranih raziskavah.
Ključne besede: hipoterapija, Downov sindrom, motorične spretnosti, fizioterapija, kratkoročni učinki
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