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Title:Improving governance in mandatory defined-contribution pension funds : case study of Croatia
Authors:ID Matek, Petar-Pierre (Author)
ID Puharič, Krešimir (Mentor) More about this mentor... New window
Files:.pdf DR_Matek_Petar-Pierre_i2018.pdf (1,41 MB)
MD5: BB6446E0893E96DA80FDEADDEDE8C245
 
Language:English
Work type:Dissertation
Typology:2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization:EVRO-PF - Nova Univerza - European Faculty of Law
Abstract:Demographic changes and other socio-economic factors put a strain on pension systems around the world. Developed countries are particularly affected by population aging and generous existing pay-as-you-go schemes. To achieve a more sustainable pension system, many countries introduced defined-contribution pension plans. The World Bank, which took a leading role in conceptual and operational aspects of pension reforms worldwide, provided support to many countries, including Croatia, in the implementation of its three-pillar model. At the same time, Anglo-Saxon countries witnessed a dramatic shift from defined-benefit to defined-contribution pension schemes. As a result, employees are bearing investment risk, meaning that their pension benefits directly depend on the investment performance of pension plans invested in capital markets. Consequently, issues related to the governance of defined-contribution pension plans have become a matter of concern for researchers and regulators worldwide. The main questions are: (1) whether a governance system can be created that will work for the benefit of fund members and (2) where should policy makers and pension supervisors focus their efforts. Because asset management is characterised by significant conflicts of interest and low observability of money managers% actions, agency theory provides an excellent theoretical framework for the research of governance issues in second pillar pension funds. It helps in identifying the stakeholders, describing their relationships and identifying where their interests are not aligned. Most importantly, it provides a framework for identifying the most suitable control mechanisms to curb conflicts of interest. Theory suggests that behaviour-based control mechanisms will be best adapted in the case of pension funds. Of importance are: (1) internal governance structure and mechanisms, including third-party monitors, (2) regulation and supervision and (3) duties and liabilities of the governing body. The definition of investment performance benchmarks is the most obvious outcome-based control mechanism. Information systems have an important role in increasing the monitoring capacity of stakeholders. Theory suggests that third-party monitoring, such as supervision by public agencies, is particularly important, because pension funds are characterised by a failure of market control mechanisms. In addition, the interpretation of money managers% fiduciary duties by courts of justice will have an extremely important impact on the credibility of regulatory and supervisory efforts. Legislation plays a leading role in the design of control-mechanisms. This is particularly the case in civil law jurisdictions that opted for a highly prescriptive approach to regulation. The case study of the Croatian second pillar pension funds is based on an analysis of the Croatian Act on Mandatory Pension Funds and its comparative analysis with the OECD Core Principles of Private Pension Regulation, the UCITS Directive and the IORP II Directive. It breaks down the provisions of these legislative acts and standards along the lines of the framework provided by the agency theory - namely, the information available to fund members, internal governance mechanisms, political pressures and tools available to the regulator (including liability of the managing body). Evidence from the research supports the hypothesis that the Croatian Act on Mandatory Pension Funds addresses in an adequate manner most of the governance issues related to the management of second pillar mandatory pension funds. Nevertheless, some deficiencies were revealed, and a list of recommendations was outlined. The application of agency theory to pension funds and the comparative analysis of legislative documents adds to the body of literature on second pillar pension funds by providing an innovative approach to the issue. It also provides guidelines for regulators introducing defined-contribution pension schemes or trying to improve existing ones.
Keywords:pension funds, governance, agency theory, World Bank, pension system, Croatia, doctoral dissertation
Place of publishing:Ljubljana
Place of performance:Ljubljana
Publisher:[P. -P. Matek]
Year of publishing:2018
Year of performance:2018
Number of pages:XI, 239 str.
PID:20.500.12556/ReVIS-5527 New window
COBISS.SI-ID:2053259958 New window
UDC:336.763.268(043.3)
Note:Doktorska disertacija 3. stopnje bolonjskega študija;
Publication date in ReVIS:12.03.2019
Views:2282
Downloads:123
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Secondary language

Language:Slovenian
Abstract:Demografske spremembe in drugi družbenogospodarski dejavniki obremenjujejo pokojninske sisteme po vsem svetu. Na razvite države zlasti vplivajo staranje prebivalstva in obstoječi velikodušni sistemi, ki temeljijo na sprotnem vplačevanju. Da bi dosegle bolj trajnostne pokojninske sisteme, so mnoge države uvedle pokojninske sheme z določenimi prispevki. Svetovna banka, ki je prevzela vodilno vlogo pri konceptualnih in operativnih vidikih pokojninskih reform po vsem svetu, je zagotovila podporo mnogim državam, tudi Hrvaški, pri izvajanju njenega tristebrnega modela. Obenem so bile anglosaške države priča dramatičnemu prehodu s pokojninskih shem z določenimi zaslužki na sheme z določenimi prispevki. Zaradi tega zaposleni nosijo tveganje naložbe, kar pomeni, da so njihovi pokojninski zaslužki neposredno odvisni od uspešnosti naložb pokojninskih shem na kapitalskih trgih. Posledično so zadeve, povezane z upravljanjem pokojninskih shem z določenimi prispevki, začeli obravnavati raziskovalci in regulativni organi. Glavna vprašanja so: (1) ali je mogoče izdelati sistem upravljanja, ki bo deloval v korist članov skladov, in (2) kam morajo oblikovalci politik in nadzorniki za pokojnine usmeriti svoja prizadevanja. Ker so za upravljanje sredstev značilni pomembna nasprotja interesov in majhna možnost sklepanja pogodb in opazovanja dejanj upravljavcev denarja, agencijska teorija ponuja odličen teoretični okvir za preučitev vprašanj v zvezi z upravljanjem pokojninskih skladov drugega stebra. Pomaga opredeliti deležnike, opisati njihova razmerja in ugotoviti, kateri interesi niso skladni. Najpomembneje pa je to, da zagotavlja okvir za opredelitev najprimernejših mehanizmov nadzora za omejevanje nasprotij interesov. Teorija trdi, da je mogoče nadzorne mehanizme, ki temeljijo na vedenju, najbolje prilagoditi v primeru pokojninskih skladov. Zlasti pomembni so: (1) notranja struktura in mehanizmi upravljanja, vključno s spremljanjem tretje strani, (2) ureditev in nadzor ter (3) dolžnosti in obveznosti upravljavskega organa. Opredelitev meril uspešnosti naložbe je najočitnejši rezultat nadzornega mehanizma, ki temelji na rezultatih. Informacijski sistemi imajo pomembno vlogo pri povečevanju zmogljivosti za spremljanje deležnikov. Teorija trdi, da je spremljanje tretje strani, kot je nadzor s strani javnih agencij, zlasti pomembno, ker je za pokojninske sklade značilna neuspešnost mehanizmov za tržni nadzor. Poleg tega bo razlaga sodišč o fiduciarnih dolžnostih upravljavcev denarja zelo pomembno vplivala na verodostojnost regulativnih in nadzornih prizadevanj. Zakonodaja ima vodilno vlogo pri snovanju nadzornih mehanizmov. Tako je zlasti v državah s pristojnostmi civilnega prava, ki so se odločile za t. i. %drakonski% pristop k ureditvi. Študija primera hrvaških pokojninskih skladov drugega stebra temelji na primerjalni analizi hrvaškega Zakona o obveznih pokojninskih skladih, Temeljnih načel OECD za urejanje zasebnih pokojnin, Direktive o KNPVP in Direktive o institucijah za pokojninsko poklicno zavarovanje (IORP II). Določbe teh zakonodajnih aktov in standardov razčleni v skladu z okvirom, ki ga zagotavlja teorija zastopanja, in sicer na informacije, ki so na voljo članom skladov, notranje mehanizme upravljanja in instrumente, ki so na voljo regulativnemu organu (vključno z odgovornostjo upravljavskega organa). Dokazi iz raziskave podpirajo hipotezo, da hrvaški Zakon o obveznih pokojninskih skladih na primeren način obravnava večino vprašanj v zvezi z upravljanjem obveznih pokojninskih skladov drugega stebra. Vseeno pa so bili ugotovljeni tudi nekatere pomanjkljivosti in sestavljen seznam priporočil. Uporaba teorije zastopanja za pokojninske sklade in primerjalna analiza zakonodajnih dokumentov prispevata k strokovni literaturi o pokojninskih skladih drugega stebra, saj zagotavljata inovativen pristop k zadevi. Podane so tudi smernice za regulativne organe, ki uvajajo pokojninske sheme z določenimi prispevki ali skušajo izboljšati obstoječe.
Keywords:pokojninski skladi, upravljanje, teorija zastopanja, bančništvo, Hrvaška, disertacije


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